Astragaloside IV restrains pulmonary fibrosis progression via the circ_0008898/miR-211-5p/HMGB1 axis.

Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF) is a fatal lung disease with complicated pathogenesis. Astragaloside IV (ASV) has been discovered to alleviate PF progression, and the potential molecular mechanism of ASV in the development of PF need to be further clarified. Bleomycin (BLM) was used to construct PF in vivo model. Expression levels of circ_0008898, miR-211-5p, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), alpha smooth muscle Actin (α-SMA) and Collagen I were examined by Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell survival was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) assay. The invasion abilities were investigated by transwell assay. The levels of inflammatory factors were tested via using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between circ_0008898 or HMGB1 and miR-211-5p was identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that ASV attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. In vitro study, ASV alleviated TGF-ß1-induced fibrogenesis in HFL1 cells. Circ_0008898 was increased in TGF-ß1-induced HFL1 cells. ASV-induced impacts were abrogated by circ_0008898 overexpression in TGF-ß1-induced HFL1 cells. Mechanistically, circ_0008898 competitively bound to miR-211-5p to increase the expression of its target HMGB1. MiR-211-5p deficiency rescued ASV-mediated effects in TGF-ß1-induced HFL1 cells. In addition, HMGB1 overexpression partially overturned circ_0008898 interference-induced impacts in HFL1 cells upon TGF-ß1 treatment. In conclusion, our work manifested that ASV hindered PF process by mediating the circ_0008898/miR-211-5p/HMGB1 network.

Rapid and Precise Differentiation and Authentication of Agricultural Products via Deep Learning-Assisted Multiplex SERS Fingerprinting.

Accurate and rapid differentiation and authentication of agricultural products based on their origin and quality are crucial to ensuring food safety and quality control. However, similar chemical compositions and complex matrices often hinder precise identification, particularly for adulterated samples. Herein, we propose a novel method combining multiplex surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) fingerprinting with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), which enables the effective differentiation of the category, origin, and grade of agricultural products. This strategy leverages three different SERS-active nanoparticles as multiplex sensors, each tailored to selectively amplify the signals of preferentially adsorbed chemicals within the sample. By strategically combining SERS spectra from different NPs, a 'SERS super-fingerprint' is constructed, offering a more comprehensive representation of the characteristic information on agricultural products. Subsequently, utilizing a custom-designed 1D-CNN model for feature extraction from the 'super-fingerprint' significantly enhances the predictive accuracy for agricultural products. This strategy successfully identified various agricultural products and simulated adulterated samples with exceptional accuracy, reaching 97.7% and 94.8%, respectively. Notably, the entire identification process, encompassing sample preparation, SERS measurement, and deep learning analysis, takes only 35 min. This development of deep learning-assisted multiplex SERS fingerprinting establishes a rapid and reliable method for the identification and authentication of agricultural products.

Key Role of Cations in Stabilizing Hydrogen Radicals for CO2-to-CO Conversion via a Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction.

Electrochemically converting CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels in acidic media is argued as a promising energy- and carbon-efficient route. Although several key roles of alkali cations have been unveiled, the alkali cation trends for CO2 reduction remain largely elusive. With decreasing cation size from Cs+ to Li+, here we show that the apparent proton diffusion coefficient in 3.0 M Li+ is tens-fold lower than in 3.0 M K+ and 3.0 M Cs+ acidic electrolytes. Although Li+ has the strongest inhibition ability for proton transport, it acts the worst for both the CO2-to-CO conversion and partial current density on Au catalysts. Unexpectedly, K+ with a higher proton transport performs the best for CO2-to-CO conversion. We thus revisit the roles of alkali cations and find that hydrated K+ can stabilize hydrogen radicals benefiting CO2 conversion at the electrode interface while for Li+ this is not the case. This study proposes that cation-stabilized atomic hydrogen assists in activating CO2 via a reverse water-gas shift route under electrochemical conditions.

Electrochemical Redox Conversion of Formate to CO via Coupling Fe-Co Layered Double Hydroxides and Au Catalysts.

Formate has been considered an inactive molecule and thus cannot be further reduced under CO2 reduction conditions, which limits its widespread application as feedstock. Here we present an electrochemical redox conversion of formate to CO through the potential-dependent generation of carbon dioxide radical anions (CO2 ⋅- ) on Fe-Co layered double hydroxides (Fe-Co LDHs) and the subsequent reduction of CO2 ⋅- to CO on Au catalysts. We present an electrodeposition protocol for the synthesis of Fe-Co LDHs with precise composition control and find that Fe1 Co4 exhibits a promising potential window for CO2 ⋅- formation between 1.14 and 1.4 V and an optimized potential at 1.24 V at a neutral pH condition. We further determined the formation of CO2 ⋅- at 1.24 V via electron paramagnetic resonance and CO2 at >1.4 V through differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. This work provides a redox chemistry route for converting formate into CO through a coupled slit parallel-plate electrode system.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Tracks Condition-Sensitive Water Radical Cation.

Oxidizing species or radicals generated in water are of vital importance in catalysis, the environment, and biology. In addition to several related reactive oxygen species, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we present a nontrapping chemical transformation pathway to track water radical cation (H2O+•) species, whose formation is very sensitive to the conditioning environments, such as light irradiation, mechanical action, and gas/chemical introduction. We reveal that H2O+• can oxidize the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to the crucial epoxy hydroxylamine (HDMP=O) intermediate, which further reacts with the hydroxyl radical (•OH) for the formation of the EPR-active sextet radical (DMPO=O•). Interestingly, we uncover that H2O+• can react with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP), 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO), and α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) which contain a double-bond structure to produce corresponding derivatives as well. It is thus expected that both H2O+• and •OH are ubiquitous in nature and in various water-containing experimental systems. These findings provide a novel perspective on radicals for water redox chemistry.

RBC Transfusion Strategy in Oncological Patients with Chronic RBC Transfusion Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy has greatly reduced mortality and morbidity in multiply transfused patients with oncological malignancies. The aim of this study was to underline the necessity of introducing a policy for extended RBC phenotyping of these patients and for the issuing of antigen-matched blood (at least for E antigen). METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of age, gender, transfusion history, and various malignancies with the development of red cell alloimmunization. RESULTS: Given the results of antibody identification, we finally obtained 732 cases to be analyzed, designating them as the p group. The respiratory system (231/732; 31.6%), digestive system (273/732; 37.3%), and female reproductive system (127/732; 17.3%) had the three highest alloimmunization rates in the p group. We screened 81 cases from the p group for which antibody screening in our laboratory had historically yielded negative results. Among the 81 cases with antibody seroconversion, anti-E was the most frequently observed antibody (37%). CONCLUSIONS: The results related to multivariate logistic regression analysis of the Rh group indicate that, in contrast to the other variates, transfusion confers a strongly increased risk of Rh blood system-related red cell alloimmunization. To reduce alloimmunization in tumor patients, it will be essential to introduce a policy for extended RBC phenotyping of high-risk patients and for the issuing of antigen-matched blood (at least for E antigen).

Development and Application of Portable Reflectometric Spectroscopy Combined with Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Potassium in Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves.

Potassium (K) plays important roles in the energy and substance conversion of tobacco metabolism and is also regarded as one of the important indicators of tobacco quality evaluation. However, the K quantitative analytical method shows poor performance in terms of being easy-to-use, cost-effective, and portable. Here, we developed a rapid and simple method for the determination of K content in flue-cured tobacco leaves, including water extraction with 100 °C heating, purification with solid-phase extraction (SPE), and analysis with portable reflectometric spectroscopy based on K test strips. The method development consisted of optimization of the extraction and test strip reaction conditions, screening of SPE sorbent materials, and evaluation of the matrix effect. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity was observed in 0.20-0.90 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient >0.999. The extraction recoveries were found to be in the range of 98.0-99.5% with a repeatability and reproducibility of 1.15-1.98% and 2.04-3.26%, respectively. The sample measured range was calculated to be 0.76-3.68% K. Excellent agreement was found in accuracy between the developed reflectometric spectroscopy method and the standard method. The developed method was applied to analyze the K content in different cultivars, and the content varied greatly among the samples with lowest and highest contents for Y28 and Guiyan 5 cultivars, respectively. This study can provide a reliable approach for K analysis, which may become available on-site in a quick on-farm test.

Cu+-Mediated CO Coordination for Promoting C-C Coupling for CO2 and CO Electroreduction.

Selective electrochemical upgrading of CO2 to multicarbon (C2+) products requires a C-C coupling process, yet the underlying promoting mechanism of widely involved Cu oxidation states remains largely unclear, hindering the subtle design of efficient catalysts. Herein, we unveil the critical role of Cu+ in promoting C-C coupling via coordination with a CO intermediate during electrochemical CO2 reduction. We find that, relative to other halogen anions, iodide (I-) in HCO3- electrolytes accelerates the generation of strongly oxidative hydroxyl radicals that accounts for the formation of Cu+, which can be dynamically stabilized by I- via the formation of CuI. The in situ generated CO intermediate strongly binds to CuI sites, forming nonclassical Cu(CO)n+ complexes, leading to an approximately 3.0-fold increase of C2+ Faradaic efficiency at -0.9 VRHE relative to that of I--free Cu surfaces. Accordingly, a deliberate introduction of CuI into I--containing HCO3- electrolytes for direct CO electroreduction brings about a 4.3-fold higher C2+ selectivity. This work provides insights into the role of Cu+ in C-C coupling and the enhanced C2+ selectivity for CO2 and CO electrochemical reduction.

Hydroxyl radicals dominate reoxidation of oxide-derived Cu in electrochemical CO2 reduction.

Cuδ+ sites on the surface of oxide-derived copper (OD-Cu) are of vital importance in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the underlying reason for the dynamically existing Cuδ+ species, although thermodynamically unstable under reductive CO2RR conditions, remains uncovered. Here, by using electron paramagnetic resonance, we identify the highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (OH•) formed at room temperature in HCO3- solutions. In combination with in situ Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and isotope-labelling, we demonstrate a dynamic reduction/reoxidation behavior at the surface of OD-Cu and reveal that the fast oxygen exchange between HCO3- and H2O provides oxygen sources for the formation of OH• radicals. In addition, their continuous generations can cause spontaneous oxidation of Cu electrodes and produce surface CuOx species. Significantly, this work suggests that there is a "seesaw-effect" between the cathodic reduction and the OH•-induced reoxidation, determining the chemical state and content of Cuδ+ species in CO2RR. This insight is supposed to thrust an understanding of the crucial role of electrolytes in CO2RR.

Spatio-Temporal Coding-Based Helicopter Trajectory Planning for Pulsed Neural Membrane System.

For the trajectory planning problem under the nonlinear and strongly coupled characteristics of unmanned helicopters, membrane computing with distributed parallel processing capability is introduced for unmanned helicopter trajectory planning. The global and local spatial information is temporally characterized; the temporal characterization algorithm under mapping information is designed; the hierarchical discriminant regression algorithm is designed based on incremental principal component analysis to realize the process of building and identifying trees in trajectory planning; and the pulsed neural membrane system (PNMS) with spatio-temporal coding function under membrane computing is constructed. Compared with the RRT algorithm in two experimental environments, the original path length, the trimmed path length, the time used to plan the trajectory, and the number of search nodes have different levels of improvement; the feasibility and effectiveness of the PNMS in unmanned helicopter trajectory planning are verified. It expands the theoretical research of membrane computing in the field of optimal control and provides theoretical support for the subsequent application practice.

Molecular-Scale Insights into Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Hydrophobically Modified Cu Surfaces.

Depressing the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to promote current efficiency toward carbon-based chemicals in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is desirable. A strategy is to apply the hydrophobically molecular-modified electrodes. However, the molecular-scale catalytic process remains poorly understood. Using alkanethiol-modified hydrophobic Cu as an electrode and CO2-saturated KHCO3 as an electrolyte, we reveal that H2O, rather than HCO3-, is the major H+ source for the HER, determined by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry with isotopic labeling. As a result, using in situ Raman, we find that the hydrophobic molecules screen the cathodic electric field effect on the reorientation of interfacial H2O to a "H-down" configuration toward Cu surfaces that corresponds to the decreased content of H-bonding-free water, leading to unfavorable H2O dissociation and thus decreased H+ source for the HER. Further, density functional theory calculations suggest that the absorbed alkanethiol molecules alter the electronic structure of Cu sites, thus decreasing the formation energy barrier of CO2RR intermediates, which consequently increases the CO2RR selectivity. This work provides a molecular-level understanding of improved CO2RR on hydrophobically molecule-modified catalysts and presents general references for catalytic systems having H2O-involved competitive HER.

Construction of aptasensors for sensitive detection of 8-OH-dG based on a diffusion mediated electrochemiluminescence quenching effect.

A DNA immobilization-free ECL aptasensor was developed for the detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxygunosine based on the diffusion mediated ECL quenching effect. This ECL aptasensor exhibited a high sensitivity and low detection limit by combining homogeneous DNA reaction with dual signal amplifications: target-induced multi-DNA release and Exo I-assisted target recycling.

Intraocular foreign body injury in children: clinical characteristics and factors associated with endophthalmitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To analyse the clinical characteristics of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injury in children and evaluate factors associated with endophthalmitis development. METHODS: Patients aged <18 years with IOFB attending Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between January 2003 and July 2016 were included retrospectively. Demographic features, clinical characteristics and factors associated with endophthalmitis development were analysed. RESULTS: Consecutive subjects (n=484, 484 eyes) were included: mean age 10.12±4.54 years, 86.4% male. Fireworks (28.5%) were the most common cause of injury. Injury of uncertain cause (17.5%), fireworks (36.7%) and metal splatter (31.7%) accounted for most injuries in the 0-3, 4-12 and 13-17 years age groups, respectively. Plant branches (16.7%) and fireworks (31.1%) were the most common causes of injuries in females and males, respectively. Endophthalmitis occurred in 116 patients (24.0%), with metallic IOFB (OR=0.338, p=0.001), intraocular haemorrhage (OR=0.100, p<0.001) and uveal tissue prolapse (OR=0.206, p<0.001) conferring lower risk, while zone II wound (OR=4.336, p<0.001) and traumatic lens rupture (OR=2.567, p=0.028) were associated with higher risk. CONCLUSION: Clinical characteristics of children with IOFB injury differ from those of adults. Fireworks are the most common cause of injury, indicating a ban on children igniting fireworks should be advocated. Safety education and protective measures should vary by age and sex. Endophthalmitis is associated with zone II wound, traumatic lens rupture, IOFB material, intraocular haemorrhage and uveal tissue prolapse, which has clinical relevance.

Development of a rabbit model of persistent hypotony without ciliary body injury.

In order to study the pathophysiological alterations of the ciliary body (CB) during persistent hypotony, it is necessary to develop an animal model without CB injury. In this study, we successfully established a modified model of persistent hypotony without CB injury in New Zealand rabbits. A 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed and a trocar-formed fistula was allowed to remain in situ, to produce a continuous outflow of intraocular fluid. Both eyes underwent PPV with normal intraocular pressure (IOP); eyes with no surgical intervention were used as controls. The IOP was monitored and used to evaluate the reliability of the model. Secondary changes of hypotony were evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and B scans while morphological changes of the CB were observed by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The mean IOP in the hypotony groups were consistently lower than 6 mmHg. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in IOP between the PPV control group and normal eyes. Collectively, our data indicate that this model successfully simulates the secondary changes of hypotony, including a reduction in corneal size, corneal oedema, anterior chamber inflammation, morphological alterations of the CB, cataract, retinal detachment, and choroidal detachment. The morphological structure of the CB tissue changed dramatically after persistent hypotony, indicating that normal IOP may be required in order to maintain normal function in the CB. This model of persistent hypotony potentially represents a valuable tool for future studies aiming to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CB dysfunction and other secondary changes that occur during hypotony.

Risk Factors Associated with Failure of Direct Cyclopexy in the Treatment of Small to Moderate Tramatic Cyclodialysis Clefts.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the risk factors associated with failure to correct hypotony using direct cyclopexy in patients with traumatic cyclodialysis cleft. METHODS: In a series of 116 patients with traumatic cyclodialysis who underwent direct cyclopexy at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from January 2008 to August 2018, the clinical correlation between the risk factors and failure of the operation were retrospectively studied, after adjusting for other potential confounders. RESULTS: The curative ratio after one procedure was 82.76%, whereas 20 (17.24%) eyes experienced treatment failure after the first surgery. The degree of anterior chamber angle closure was significantly wider in patients with a failed first surgery than in patients for whom one procedure was a success (p = .046). The risk of failure to achieve closure increased as the angle-closure exceeded 5 clock hour (odds ratio, 10.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-61.72; p = .010). An analysis of the recurrent position indicated that an angle closure exceeding 5 clock hour may impede accurate cleft location and is thus associated with an increased risk of failure to correct hypotony. CONCLUSION: Exceeding the threshold of 5 clock hour in anterior chamber angle closure may impede accurate cleft location and, thus, present a higher risk of failure to correct hypotony using direct cyclopexy. These patients may need injection of a viscoelastic agent into the anterior chamber by paracentesis to deepen the anterior chamber and to delineate the clefts using gonioscopy pre- or intraoperatively.

Fano Resonance in an Asymmetric MIM Waveguide Structure and Its Application in a Refractive Index Nanosensor.

Herein, the design for a tunable plasmonic refractive index nanosensor is presented. The sensor is composed of a metal⁻insulator⁻metal waveguide with a baffle and a circular split-ring resonator cavity. Analysis of transmission characteristics of the sensor structures was performed using the finite element method, and the influence of the structure parameters on the sensing characteristics of the sensor is studied in detail. The calculation results show that the structure can realize dual Fano resonance, and the structural parameters of the sensor have different effects on Fano resonance. The peak position and the line shape of the resonance can be adjusted by altering the sensitive parameters. The maximum value of structural sensitivity was found to be 1114.3 nm/RIU, with a figure of merit of 55.71. The results indicate that the proposed structure can be applied to optical integrated circuits, particularly in high sensitivity nanosensors.

Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 promotes pathological corneal neovascularization by enhancement of SDF-1-mediated endothelial progenitor cell recruitment.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in inflammatory and immunological responses, which are intimately related to neovascularization. However, the precise mode of action of TLR3 in neovascularization still remains ambiguous. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of TLR3 in pathological corneal neovascularization (CNV) using a mouse model of alkali-induced CNV. CNV was attenuated in TLR3-deficient mice, and the absence of TLR3 led to decreased production of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a well-characterized cytokine that regulates the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to the sites of neo-angiogenic niches in the injured tissues. Topical administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a synthetic ligand for TLR3, to the injured cornea promoted CNV in wild type (WT) mice but not in TLR3-deficient mice. In addition, the effect of poly (I:C) on WT mice was abolished by addition of SDF-1 receptor antagonist AMD 3100. Furthermore, poly (I:C) treatment in vitro enhanced the migration of EPCs, whereas the enhanced migration was abolished by AMD 3100. These results indicate an essential role of TLR3 signalling in CNV that involves upregulating SDF-1 production and recruiting EPCs to the sites of injury for neovascularization. Thus, targeting the TLR3 signalling cascade may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for treating neovascularization-related diseases.

The Effect of Interleukin 38 on Angiogenesis in a Model of Oxygen-induced Retinopathy.

Interleukin 38 (IL-38) is a novel identified cytokine of IL-1 family in which some members are important in inflammation and angiogenesis. However, the role of IL-38 in regulating angiogenesis is unknown. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of IL-38 on angiogenesis. Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) of C57BL/6 J mice was induced by exposure of hyperoxia (75% oxygen) from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12 and then returned to room air. The mice were injected with IL-38. At P17, neovascular region (tufts) and avascular area of the retinas were analyzed. The data showed that administration of IL-38 in vivo inhibited retinal angiogenesis significantly. Furthermore, the addition of IL-38 to the cell cultures attenuated the proliferation, scratch wound healing and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells induced by VEGF significantly. Our findings suggest that IL-38 is an antiangiogenic cytokine in pathophysiological settings and may have therapeutic potential for angiogenesis related diseases.

[Effects of VPA on the Expression of Notch Signaling Pathway in Multiple Myeloma RPMI 8226 Cell Line].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of valproic acid(VPA) on the expression of intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1) and Hes1 in multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cell line. METHODS: Experiments were divided into 4 group: blank control group and groups of cells treated with VPA of different concentration (2, 4, 8 mmol/L), the cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, RT-PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression level of ICN1 and Hes1. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of ICN1 and Hes1. RESULTS: The proliferation of the RPMI 8226 cell was obviously inhibited by different concentration of VPA (2, 4, 8 mmol/L) at the same time. The same concentration of VPA was used to treat RPMI8226 cell for different time (24, 48, 72 h), the cell proliferation was obviously inhibited. Compared with control group, the mRNA and protein expression of ICN1 was significantly depressed at different concentration of VPA(2, 4, 8 mmol/L) for 48 h (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the mRNA and protein expression of Hes1 was depressed at different concentration 2, 4, 8 mmol/L)of VPA for 48 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: VPA inhibits the proliferation of the RPMI 8226 cell in a time- and dose- dependent manner; VPA down-regulates the mRNA and protein expression level of ICN1 and Hes1 in RPMI8226 cell; thus VPA might inhibit cell proliferation possibly through the inhibition of Notch signaling pathway in multiple myeloma cells.

Topical Application of Interleukin-28A Attenuates Allergic Conjunctivitis in an Ovalbumin-Induced Mouse Model.

PURPOSE: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and helper T cell 2 (Th2)--cell-mediated disease characterized by conjunctival eosinophilic infiltration. Previous study shows that IL-28A had anti-allergic activity in airway disease. In this study, we examined the effect of IL-28A on a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC). METHODS: Mouse EAC was induced by topical application of OVA after intraperitoneal (IP) sensitization with OVA in aluminum hydroxide (ALUM). Interleukin-28A was administered 1 hour before OVA challenge. Allergic conjunctivitis symptoms, eosinophil infiltration in the conjunctiva, antigen-specific IgE in the serum, and Th2 cytokine production by lymph node cells and splenocytes were subsequently analyzed. RESULTS: Topical application of IL-28A to OVA-induced EAC reduced clinical symptoms, serum OVA-specific IgE, and the infiltration of eosinophils in the conjunctiva. In addition, topical administration of IL-28A suppressed the expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 (Th2-type cytokine) but promoted the expression of IFN-γ (Th1-type cytokine) by splenocytes and cervical lymph node cells in EAC mice. Immunofluorescence staining showed decrease expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in IL-28A-treated EAC conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-28A shows therapeutic potential for allergic conjunctival inflammation.